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Conlang Atlas of Language Structures

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  • Phonology
  • Morphology
  • Nominal Categories
  • Nominal Syntax
  • Verbal Categories
  • Word Order
  • Simple Clauses
  • Complex Sentences
  • Lexicon
  • Sign Languages
  • Other
  • Conlang-specific
  • Phonology
    • Consonant Inventories (115 languages) (5 values)
      • Small (18 languages)
      • Moderately small (18 languages)
      • Average (49 languages)
      • Moderately large (18 languages)
      • Large (12 languages)
    • Vowel Quality Inventories (115 languages) (3 values)
      • Small (2-4) (11 languages)
      • Average (5-6) (51 languages)
      • Large (7-14) (53 languages)
    • Consonant-Vowel Ratio (107 languages) (5 values)
      • Low (19 languages)
      • Moderately low (21 languages)
      • Average (49 languages)
      • Moderately high (10 languages)
      • High (8 languages)
    • Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives (111 languages) (4 values)
      • No voicing constrast (17 languages)
      • In plosives alone (20 languages)
      • In fricatives alone (6 languages)
      • In both plosives and fricatives (68 languages)
    • Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems (106 languages) (5 values)
      • Other (20 languages)
      • None missing in /p t k b d g/ (73 languages)
      • Missing /p/ (5 languages)
      • Missing /g/ (2 languages)
      • Both missing (6 languages)
    • Uvular Consonants (108 languages) (4 values)
      • None (82 languages)
      • Uvular stops only (5 languages)
      • Uvular continuants only (14 languages)
      • Uvular stops and continuants (7 languages)
    • Glottalized Consonants (106 languages) (8 values)
      • No glottalized consonants (91 languages)
      • Ejectives only (13 languages)
      • Implosives only (1 language)
      • Glottalized resonants only (1 language)
      • Ejectives and implosives (0 languages)
      • Ejectives and glottalized resonants (0 languages)
      • Implosives and glottalized resonants (0 languages)
      • Ejectives, implosives, and glottalized resonants (0 languages)
    • Lateral Consonants (106 languages) (5 values)
      • No laterals (9 languages)
      • /l/, no obstruent laterals (79 languages)
      • Laterals, but no /l/, no obstruent laterals (0 languages)
      • /l/ and lateral obstruent (14 languages)
      • No /l/, but lateral obstruents (4 languages)
    • The Velar Nasal (107 languages) (3 values)
      • Initial velar nasal (39 languages)
      • No initial velar nasal (20 languages)
      • No velar nasal (48 languages)
    • Vowel Nasalization (108 languages) (2 values)
      • Contrast present (16 languages)
      • Contrast absent (92 languages)
    • Front Rounded Vowels (107 languages) (4 values)
      • None (71 languages)
      • High and mid (25 languages)
      • High only (9 languages)
      • Mid only (2 languages)
    • Syllable Structure (108 languages) (3 values)
      • Simple (30 languages)
      • Moderately complex (51 languages)
      • Complex (27 languages)
    • Tone (112 languages) (3 values)
      • No tones (85 languages)
      • Simple tone system (21 languages)
      • Complex tone system (6 languages)
    • Fixed Stress Locations (99 languages) (7 values)
      • No fixed stress (58 languages)
      • Initial (17 languages)
      • Second (1 language)
      • Third (0 languages)
      • Antepenultimate (1 language)
      • Penultimate (16 languages)
      • Ultimate (6 languages)
    • Weight-Sensitive Stress (79 languages) (8 values)
      • Left-edge: First or second (3 languages)
      • Left-oriented: One of the first three (7 languages)
      • Right-edge: Ultimate or penultimate (7 languages)
      • Right-oriented: One of the last three (12 languages)
      • Unbounded: Stress can be anywhere (8 languages)
      • Combined: Right-edge and unbounded (3 languages)
      • Not predictable (15 languages)
      • Fixed stress (24 languages)
    • Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems (81 languages) (7 values)
      • No weight (39 languages)
      • Long vowel (7 languages)
      • Coda consonant (2 languages)
      • Long vowel or coda consonant (10 languages)
      • Prominence (1 language)
      • Lexical stress (12 languages)
      • Combined (10 languages)
    • Rhythm Types (77 languages) (5 values)
      • Trochaic (21 languages)
      • Iambic (5 languages)
      • Dual: both trochaic and iambic (8 languages)
      • Undetermined (7 languages)
      • No rhythmic stress (36 languages)
    • Absence of Common Consonants (106 languages) (6 values)
      • All present (97 languages)
      • No bilabials (6 languages)
      • No fricatives (2 languages)
      • No nasals (1 language)
      • No bilabials or nasals (0 languages)
      • No fricatives or nasals (0 languages)
    • Presence of Uncommon Consonants (104 languages) (7 values)
      • None (60 languages)
      • Clicks (1 language)
      • Labial-velars (2 languages)
      • Pharyngeals (1 language)
      • 'Th' sounds (33 languages)
      • Clicks, pharyngeals, and 'th' (4 languages)
      • Pharyngeals and 'th' (3 languages)
  • Morphology
    • Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives (74 languages) (7 values)
      • Exclusively concatenative (31 languages)
      • Exclusively isolating (9 languages)
      • Exclusively tonal (0 languages)
      • Tonal/isolating (3 languages)
      • Tonal/concatenative (2 languages)
      • Ablaut/concatenative (9 languages)
      • Isolating/concatenative (20 languages)
    • Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives (73 languages) (5 values)
      • Monoexponential case (38 languages)
      • Case + number (11 languages)
      • Case + referentiality (1 language)
      • Case + TAM (3 languages)
      • No case (20 languages)
    • Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb (73 languages) (7 values)
      • 0-1 category per word (11 languages)
      • 2-3 categories per word (21 languages)
      • 4-5 categories per word (18 languages)
      • 6-7 categories per word (10 languages)
      • 8-9 categories per word (7 languages)
      • 10-11 categories per word (3 languages)
      • 12-13 categories per word (3 languages)
    • Locus of Marking in the Clause (69 languages) (5 values)
      • Head marking (20 languages)
      • Dependent marking (32 languages)
      • Double marking (11 languages)
      • No marking (6 languages)
      • Other (0 languages)
    • Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases (69 languages) (5 values)
      • Head marking (17 languages)
      • Dependent marking (36 languages)
      • Double marking (8 languages)
      • No marking (5 languages)
      • Other (3 languages)
    • Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology (61 languages) (5 values)
      • Head-marking (16 languages)
      • Dependent-marking (25 languages)
      • Double-marking (5 languages)
      • Zero-marking (4 languages)
      • Inconsistent or other (11 languages)
    • Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology (82 languages) (6 values)
      • Little affixation (5 languages)
      • Strongly suffixing (37 languages)
      • Weakly suffixing (16 languages)
      • Equal prefixing and suffixing (16 languages)
      • Weakly prefixing (4 languages)
      • Strong prefixing (4 languages)
    • Reduplication (82 languages) (3 values)
      • Productive full and partial reduplication (26 languages)
      • Full reduplication only (7 languages)
      • No productive reduplication (49 languages)
    • Case Syncretism (78 languages) (4 values)
      • No case marking (26 languages)
      • Core cases only (10 languages)
      • Core and non-core (8 languages)
      • No syncretism (34 languages)
    • Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking (76 languages) (3 values)
      • No subject person/number marking (29 languages)
      • Syncretic (19 languages)
      • Not syncretic (28 languages)
  • Nominal Categories
    • Number of Genders (96 languages) (5 values)
      • None (55 languages)
      • Two (9 languages)
      • Three (16 languages)
      • Four (6 languages)
      • Five or more (10 languages)
    • Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems (94 languages) (3 values)
      • No gender (53 languages)
      • Sex-based (23 languages)
      • Non-sex-based (18 languages)
    • Systems of Gender Assignment (89 languages) (3 values)
      • No gender (52 languages)
      • Semantic (20 languages)
      • Semantic and formal (17 languages)
    • Coding of Nominal Plurality (89 languages) (9 values)
      • Plural prefix (4 languages)
      • Plural suffix (44 languages)
      • Plural stem change (4 languages)
      • Plural tone (1 language)
      • Plural complete reduplication (1 language)
      • Mixed morphological plural (10 languages)
      • Plural word (9 languages)
      • Plural clitic (3 languages)
      • No plural (13 languages)
    • Occurrence of Nominal Plurality (85 languages) (6 values)
      • No nominal plural (12 languages)
      • Only human nouns, optional (1 language)
      • Only human nouns, obligatory (0 languages)
      • All nouns, always optional (20 languages)
      • All nouns, optional in inanimates (5 languages)
      • All nouns, always obligatory (47 languages)
    • Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns (75 languages) (8 values)
      • No independent subject pronouns (2 languages)
      • Number-indifferent pronouns (11 languages)
      • Person-number affixes (3 languages)
      • Person-number stem (39 languages)
      • Person-number stem + pronominal plural affix (4 languages)
      • Person-number stem + nominal plural affix (4 languages)
      • Person stem + pronominal plural affix (3 languages)
      • Person stem + nominal plural affix (9 languages)
    • The Associative Plural (61 languages) (4 values)
      • Associative same as additive plural (8 languages)
      • Unique affixal associative plural (5 languages)
      • Unique periphrastic associative plural (6 languages)
      • No associative plural (42 languages)
    • Definite Articles (92 languages) (5 values)
      • Definite word distinct from demonstrative (25 languages)
      • Demonstrative word used as definite article (14 languages)
      • Definite affix (10 languages)
      • No definite, but indefinite article (4 languages)
      • No definite or indefinite article (39 languages)
    • Indefinite Articles (88 languages) (5 values)
      • Indefinite word distinct from 'one' (18 languages)
      • Indefinite word same as 'one' (9 languages)
      • Indefinite affix (5 languages)
      • No indefinite, but definite article (23 languages)
      • No definite or indefinite article (33 languages)
    • Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns (78 languages) (5 values)
      • No 'we' (3 languages)
      • 'We' the same as 'I' (4 languages)
      • No inclusive/exclusive (41 languages)
      • Only inclusive (2 languages)
      • Inclusive/exclusive (28 languages)
    • Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection (80 languages) (5 values)
      • No person marking (32 languages)
      • 'We' the same as 'I' (2 languages)
      • No inclusive/exclusive (35 languages)
      • Only inclusive (2 languages)
      • Inclusive/exclusive (9 languages)
    • Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives (78 languages) (5 values)
      • No distance contrast (12 languages)
      • Two-way contrast (34 languages)
      • Three-way contrast (24 languages)
      • Four-way contrast (4 languages)
      • Five (or more)-way contrast (4 languages)
    • Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives (66 languages) (3 values)
      • Identical (31 languages)
      • Different stem (24 languages)
      • Different inflection (11 languages)
    • Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives (71 languages) (6 values)
      • Unrelated (47 languages)
      • Related for all demonstratives (9 languages)
      • Related to remote demonstratives (4 languages)
      • Related to non-remote demonstratives (2 languages)
      • Related by gender markers (2 languages)
      • Related for non-human reference (7 languages)
    • Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns (80 languages) (6 values)
      • In 3rd person + 1st and/or 2nd person (8 languages)
      • 3rd person only, but also non-singular (15 languages)
      • 3rd person singular only (15 languages)
      • 1st or 2nd person but not 3rd (2 languages)
      • 3rd person non-singular only (1 language)
      • No gender distinctions (39 languages)
    • Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns (79 languages) (4 values)
      • No politeness distinction (53 languages)
      • Binary politeness distinction (15 languages)
      • Multiple politeness distinctions (6 languages)
      • Pronouns avoided for politeness (5 languages)
    • Indefinite Pronouns (59 languages) (5 values)
      • Interrogative-based (16 languages)
      • Generic-noun-based (18 languages)
      • Special (16 languages)
      • Mixed (7 languages)
      • Existential construction (2 languages)
    • Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns (56 languages) (2 values)
      • Identical (16 languages)
      • Differentiated (40 languages)
    • Person Marking on Adpositions (66 languages) (4 values)
      • No adpositions (10 languages)
      • No person marking (46 languages)
      • Pronouns only (7 languages)
      • Pronouns and nouns (3 languages)
    • Number of Cases (83 languages) (9 values)
      • No morphological case-marking (29 languages)
      • 2 cases (4 languages)
      • 3 cases (6 languages)
      • 4 cases (6 languages)
      • 5 cases (5 languages)
      • 6-7 cases (10 languages)
      • 8-9 cases (7 languages)
      • 10 or more cases (14 languages)
      • Exclusively borderline case-marking (2 languages)
    • Asymmetrical Case-Marking (71 languages) (6 values)
      • No case-marking (24 languages)
      • Symmetrical (32 languages)
      • Additive-quantitatively asymmetrical (9 languages)
      • Subtractive-quantitatively asymmetrical (4 languages)
      • Qualitatively asymmetrical (2 languages)
      • Syncretism in relevant NP-types (0 languages)
    • Position of Case Affixes (78 languages) (9 values)
      • Case suffixes (40 languages)
      • Case prefixes (4 languages)
      • Case tone (0 languages)
      • Case stem change (0 languages)
      • Mixed morphological case (6 languages)
      • Postpositional clitics (2 languages)
      • Prepositional clitics (8 languages)
      • Inpositional clitics (0 languages)
      • No case affixes or adpositional clitics (18 languages)
    • Comitatives and Instrumentals (68 languages) (3 values)
      • Identity (11 languages)
      • Differentiation (53 languages)
      • Mixed (4 languages)
    • Ordinal Numerals (64 languages) (8 values)
      • None (3 languages)
      • One, two, three (6 languages)
      • First, two, three (1 language)
      • One-th, two-th, three-th (30 languages)
      • First/one-th, two-th, three-th (1 language)
      • First, two-th, three-th (6 languages)
      • First, second, three-th (9 languages)
      • Various (8 languages)
    • Distributive Numerals (53 languages) (7 values)
      • No distributive numerals (26 languages)
      • Marked by reduplication (4 languages)
      • Marked by prefix (1 language)
      • Marked by suffix (9 languages)
      • Marked by preceding word (3 languages)
      • Marked by following word (1 language)
      • Marked by mixed or other strategies (9 languages)
    • Numeral Classifiers (68 languages) (3 values)
      • Absent (54 languages)
      • Optional (10 languages)
      • Obligatory (4 languages)
    • Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers (51 languages) (3 values)
      • Formally different (43 languages)
      • Formally similar, without interrogative (4 languages)
      • Formally similar, with interrogative (4 languages)
    • Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes (70 languages) (4 values)
      • Possessive prefixes (5 languages)
      • Possessive suffixes (26 languages)
      • Prefixes and suffixes (1 language)
      • No possessive affixes (38 languages)
  • Nominal Syntax
    • Obligatory Possessive Inflection (64 languages) (2 values)
      • Exists (17 languages)
      • Absent (47 languages)
    • Possessive Classification (66 languages) (4 values)
      • No possessive classification (44 languages)
      • Two classes (17 languages)
      • Three to five classes (3 languages)
      • More than five classes (2 languages)
    • Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses (61 languages) (6 values)
      • Weakly differentiated (12 languages)
      • Genitives and adjectives collapsed (7 languages)
      • Genitives and relative clauses collapsed (1 language)
      • Adjectives and relative clauses collapsed (5 languages)
      • Moderately differentiated in other ways (2 languages)
      • Highly differentiated (34 languages)
    • Adjectives without Nouns (61 languages) (7 values)
      • Not without noun (13 languages)
      • Without marking (21 languages)
      • Marked by prefix (2 languages)
      • Marked by suffix (12 languages)
      • Marked by preceding word (6 languages)
      • Marked by following word (4 languages)
      • Marked by mixed or other strategies (3 languages)
    • Action Nominal Constructions (48 languages) (8 values)
      • Sentential (5 languages)
      • Possessive-Accusative (11 languages)
      • Ergative-Possessive (9 languages)
      • Double-Possessive (4 languages)
      • Other (7 languages)
      • Mixed (3 languages)
      • Restricted (1 language)
      • No action nominals (8 languages)
    • Noun Phrase Conjunction (67 languages) (2 values)
      • 'And' different from 'with' (48 languages)
      • 'And' identical to 'with' (19 languages)
    • Nominal and Verbal Conjunction (60 languages) (3 values)
      • Identity (34 languages)
      • Differentiation (25 languages)
      • Both expressed by juxtaposition (1 language)
  • Verbal Categories
    • Perfective/Imperfective Aspect (76 languages) (2 values)
      • Grammatical marking (55 languages)
      • No grammatical marking (21 languages)
    • The Past Tense (87 languages) (4 values)
      • Present, no remoteness distinctions (58 languages)
      • Present, 2-3 remoteness distinctions (12 languages)
      • Present, 4 or more remoteness distinctions (4 languages)
      • No past tense (13 languages)
    • The Future Tense (85 languages) (2 values)
      • Inflectional future exists (56 languages)
      • No inflectional future (29 languages)
    • The Perfect (72 languages) (4 values)
      • From possessive (5 languages)
      • From 'finish', 'already' (4 languages)
      • Other perfect (48 languages)
      • No perfect (15 languages)
    • Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes (82 languages) (5 values)
      • Tense-aspect prefixes (2 languages)
      • Tense-aspect suffixes (47 languages)
      • Tense-aspect tone (2 languages)
      • Mixed type (15 languages)
      • No tense-aspect inflection (16 languages)
    • The Morphological Imperative (70 languages) (5 values)
      • Second singular and second plural (29 languages)
      • Second singular (2 languages)
      • Second plural (0 languages)
      • Second person number-neutral (27 languages)
      • No second-person imperatives (12 languages)
    • The Prohibitive (57 languages) (4 values)
      • Normal imperative + normal negative (45 languages)
      • Normal imperative + special negative (7 languages)
      • Special imperative + normal negative (2 languages)
      • Special imperative + special negative (3 languages)
    • Imperative-Hortative Systems (41 languages) (4 values)
      • Maximal system (16 languages)
      • Minimal system (10 languages)
      • Both types of system (1 language)
      • Neither type of system (14 languages)
    • The Optative (58 languages) (2 values)
      • Inflectional optative present (20 languages)
      • Inflectional optative absent (38 languages)
    • Situational Possibility (50 languages) (3 values)
      • Affixes on verbs (16 languages)
      • Verbal constructions (29 languages)
      • Other kinds of markers (5 languages)
    • Epistemic Possibility (46 languages) (3 values)
      • Verbal constructions (28 languages)
      • Affixes on verbs (12 languages)
      • Other (6 languages)
    • Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking (35 languages) (3 values)
      • Overlap for both possibility and necessity (9 languages)
      • Overlap for either possibility or necessity (8 languages)
      • No overlap (18 languages)
    • Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality (53 languages) (3 values)
      • No grammatical evidentials (34 languages)
      • Indirect only (7 languages)
      • Direct and indirect (12 languages)
    • Coding of Evidentiality (54 languages) (6 values)
      • No grammatical evidentials (35 languages)
      • Verbal affix or clitic (7 languages)
      • Part of the tense system (4 languages)
      • Separate particle (6 languages)
      • Modal morpheme (1 language)
      • Mixed (1 language)
    • Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect (53 languages) (4 values)
      • Tense (6 languages)
      • Aspect (6 languages)
      • Tense and aspect (7 languages)
      • None (34 languages)
    • Verbal Number and Suppletion (52 languages) (5 values)
      • None (42 languages)
      • Singular-plural pairs, no suppletion (5 languages)
      • Singular-plural pairs, suppletion (2 languages)
      • Singular-dual-plural triples, no suppletion (3 languages)
      • Singular-dual-plural triples, suppletion (0 languages)
  • Word Order
    • Order of Subject, Object and Verb (90 languages) (7 values)
      • SOV (24 languages)
      • SVO (22 languages)
      • VSO (20 languages)
      • VOS (5 languages)
      • OVS (3 languages)
      • OSV (3 languages)
      • No dominant order (13 languages)
    • Order of Subject and Verb (82 languages) (3 values)
      • SV (46 languages)
      • VS (25 languages)
      • No dominant order (11 languages)
    • Order of Object and Verb (82 languages) (3 values)
      • OV (28 languages)
      • VO (44 languages)
      • No dominant order (10 languages)
    • Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb (73 languages) (6 values)
      • VOX (37 languages)
      • XVO (2 languages)
      • XOV (7 languages)
      • OXV (6 languages)
      • OVX (8 languages)
      • No dominant order (13 languages)
    • Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase (72 languages) (5 values)
      • Postpositions (18 languages)
      • Prepositions (42 languages)
      • Inpositions (0 languages)
      • No dominant order (3 languages)
      • No adpositions (9 languages)
    • Order of Genitive and Noun (75 languages) (3 values)
      • Genitive-Noun (30 languages)
      • Noun-Genitive (38 languages)
      • No dominant order (7 languages)
    • Order of Adjective and Noun (85 languages) (4 values)
      • Adjective-Noun (37 languages)
      • Noun-Adjective (40 languages)
      • No dominant order (7 languages)
      • Only internally-headed relative clauses (1 language)
    • Order of Demonstrative and Noun (77 languages) (6 values)
      • Demonstrative-Noun (49 languages)
      • Noun-Demonstrative (20 languages)
      • Demonstrative prefix (2 languages)
      • Demonstrative suffix (2 languages)
      • Demonstrative before and after Noun (1 language)
      • Mixed (3 languages)
    • Order of Numeral and Noun (79 languages) (4 values)
      • Numeral-Noun (56 languages)
      • Noun-Numeral (18 languages)
      • No dominant order (4 languages)
      • Numeral only modifies verb (1 language)
    • Order of Relative Clause and Noun (68 languages) (7 values)
      • Noun-Relative clause (42 languages)
      • Relative clause-Noun (15 languages)
      • Internally headed (1 language)
      • Correlative (3 languages)
      • Adjoined (2 languages)
      • Doubly headed (2 languages)
      • Mixed (3 languages)
    • Order of Degree Word and Adjective (53 languages) (3 values)
      • Degree word-Adjective (29 languages)
      • Adjective-Degree word (20 languages)
      • No dominant order (4 languages)
    • Position of Polar Question Particles (60 languages) (6 values)
      • Initial (18 languages)
      • Final (14 languages)
      • Second position (5 languages)
      • Other position (3 languages)
      • In either of two positions (6 languages)
      • No question particle (14 languages)
    • Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions (63 languages) (3 values)
      • Initial interrogative phrase (22 languages)
      • Not initial interrogative phrase (26 languages)
      • Mixed (15 languages)
    • Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause (50 languages) (5 values)
      • Initial subordinator word (32 languages)
      • Final subordinator word (4 languages)
      • Internal subordinator word (4 languages)
      • Subordinating suffix (2 languages)
      • Mixed (8 languages)
    • Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase (62 languages) (5 values)
      • OV and Postpositions (15 languages)
      • OV and Prepositions (6 languages)
      • VO and Postpositions (3 languages)
      • VO and Prepositions (28 languages)
      • Other (10 languages)
    • Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun (55 languages) (5 values)
      • OV and RelN (10 languages)
      • OV and NRel (9 languages)
      • VO and RelN (2 languages)
      • VO and NRel (26 languages)
      • Other (8 languages)
    • Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun (58 languages) (5 values)
      • OV and AdjN (16 languages)
      • OV and NAdj (7 languages)
      • VO and AdjN (10 languages)
      • VO and NAdj (18 languages)
      • Other (7 languages)
  • Simple Clauses
    • Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases (62 languages) (6 values)
      • Neutral (16 languages)
      • Nominative - accusative (standard) (25 languages)
      • Nominative - accusative (marked nominative) (4 languages)
      • Ergative - absolutive (8 languages)
      • Tripartite (2 languages)
      • Active-inactive (7 languages)
    • Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns (58 languages) (7 values)
      • Neutral (12 languages)
      • Nominative - accusative (standard) (26 languages)
      • Nominative - accusative (marked nominative) (2 languages)
      • Ergative - absolutive (4 languages)
      • Tripartite (2 languages)
      • Active - inactive (8 languages)
      • None (4 languages)
    • Alignment of Verbal Person Marking (60 languages) (6 values)
      • Neutral (18 languages)
      • Accusative (30 languages)
      • Ergative (4 languages)
      • Active (5 languages)
      • Hierarchical (1 language)
      • Split (2 languages)
    • Expression of Pronominal Subjects (58 languages) (6 values)
      • Obligatory pronouns in subject position (16 languages)
      • Subject affixes on verb (20 languages)
      • Subject clitics on variable host (3 languages)
      • Subject pronouns in different position (0 languages)
      • Optional pronouns in subject position (12 languages)
      • Mixed (7 languages)
    • Verbal Person Marking (71 languages) (5 values)
      • No person marking (31 languages)
      • Only the A argument (26 languages)
      • Only the P argument (0 languages)
      • A or P argument (5 languages)
      • Both the A and P arguments (9 languages)
    • Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking (59 languages) (6 values)
      • No person marking (24 languages)
      • No zero realization (23 languages)
      • Zero in some 3sg forms (6 languages)
      • Zero in all 3sg forms (4 languages)
      • Zero in all 3rd person forms (1 language)
      • Zero only in 3rd nonsingular (1 language)
    • Order of Person Markers on the Verb (53 languages) (5 values)
      • A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb (42 languages)
      • A precedes P (96 (3 languages)
      • P precedes A (57 (4 languages)
      • Both orders of A and P occur (1 language)
      • A and P are fused (3 languages)
    • Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' (58 languages) (4 values)
      • Indirect-object construction (44 languages)
      • Double-object construction (3 languages)
      • Secondary-object construction (7 languages)
      • Mixed (4 languages)
    • Reciprocal Constructions (51 languages) (4 values)
      • No reciprocals (4 languages)
      • Distinct from reflexive (30 languages)
      • Mixed (7 languages)
      • Identical to reflexive (10 languages)
    • Passive Constructions (68 languages) (2 values)
      • Present (49 languages)
      • Absent (19 languages)
    • Antipassive Constructions (57 languages) (3 values)
      • Implicit patient (2 languages)
      • Oblique patient (6 languages)
      • No antipassive (49 languages)
    • Applicative Constructions (36 languages) (8 values)
      • Benefactive object; both bases (0 languages)
      • Benefactive object; only transitive (2 languages)
      • Benefactive and other; both bases (5 languages)
      • Benefactive and other; only transitive (0 languages)
      • Non-benefactive object; both bases (1 language)
      • Non-benefactive object; only transitive (0 languages)
      • Non-benefactive object; only intransitive (0 languages)
      • No applicative construction (28 languages)
    • Periphrastic Causative Constructions (29 languages) (3 values)
      • Sequential but no purposive (9 languages)
      • Purposive but no sequential (8 languages)
      • Both (12 languages)
    • Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions (38 languages) (4 values)
      • Neither (10 languages)
      • Morphological but no compound (21 languages)
      • Compound but no morphological (5 languages)
      • Both (2 languages)
    • Negative Morphemes (64 languages) (6 values)
      • Negative affix (25 languages)
      • Negative particle (24 languages)
      • Negative auxiliary verb (4 languages)
      • Negative word, unclear if verb or particle (3 languages)
      • Variation between negative word and affix (6 languages)
      • Double negation (2 languages)
    • Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation (40 languages) (3 values)
      • Symmetric (31 languages)
      • Asymmetric (3 languages)
      • Both (6 languages)
    • Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation (20 languages) (7 values)
      • A/Fin (2 languages)
      • A/NonReal (1 language)
      • A/Cat (3 languages)
      • A/Fin and A/NonReal (0 languages)
      • A/Fin and A/Cat (1 language)
      • A/NonReal and A/Cat (1 language)
      • Non-assignable (12 languages)
    • Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation (33 languages) (4 values)
      • Predicate negation also present (12 languages)
      • No predicate negation (15 languages)
      • Mixed behaviour (2 languages)
      • Negative existential construction (4 languages)
    • Polar Questions (49 languages) (7 values)
      • Question particle (32 languages)
      • Interrogative verb morphology (8 languages)
      • Mixture of previous two types (0 languages)
      • Interrogative word order (2 languages)
      • Absence of declarative morphemes (1 language)
      • Interrogative intonation only (6 languages)
      • No interrogative-declarative distinction (0 languages)
    • Predicative Possession (41 languages) (5 values)
      • Locational (12 languages)
      • Genitive (6 languages)
      • Topic (1 language)
      • Conjunctional (0 languages)
      • 'Have' (22 languages)
    • Predicative Adjectives (45 languages) (3 values)
      • Verbal encoding (24 languages)
      • Nonverbal encoding (15 languages)
      • Mixed (6 languages)
    • Nominal and Locational Predication (44 languages) (2 values)
      • Different (24 languages)
      • Identical (20 languages)
    • Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals (51 languages) (2 values)
      • Impossible (31 languages)
      • Possible (20 languages)
    • Comparative Constructions (34 languages) (4 values)
      • Locational (6 languages)
      • Exceed (9 languages)
      • Conjoined (3 languages)
      • Particle (16 languages)
  • Complex Sentences