CALS: Conlang Atlas of Language Structure

CALS_β	Conlang Atlas of Language Structures	Log in

Phonology
- Consonant Inventories (319 languages) (5 values)
  - Small (44 languages)
  - Moderately small (65 languages)
  - Average (127 languages)
  - Moderately large (60 languages)
  - Large (23 languages)
- Vowel Quality Inventories (320 languages) (3 values)
  - Small (2-4) (50 languages)
  - Average (5-6) (147 languages)
  - Large (7-14) (123 languages)
- Consonant-Vowel Ratio (311 languages) (5 values)
  - Low (46 languages)
  - Moderately low (55 languages)
  - Average (139 languages)
  - Moderately high (38 languages)
  - High (33 languages)
- Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives (317 languages) (4 values)
  - No voicing constrast (78 languages)
  - In plosives alone (63 languages)
  - In fricatives alone (27 languages)
  - In both plosives and fricatives (149 languages)
- Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems (308 languages) (5 values)
  - Other (102 languages)
  - None missing in /p t k b d g/ (161 languages)
  - Missing /p/ (18 languages)
  - Missing /g/ (16 languages)
  - Both missing (11 languages)
- Uvular Consonants (311 languages) (4 values)
  - None (229 languages)
  - Uvular stops only (22 languages)
  - Uvular continuants only (34 languages)
  - Uvular stops and continuants (26 languages)
- Glottalized Consonants (308 languages) (8 values)
  - No glottalized consonants (254 languages)
  - Ejectives only (30 languages)
  - Implosives only (10 languages)
  - Glottalized resonants only (1 language)
  - Ejectives and implosives (4 languages)
  - Ejectives and glottalized resonants (8 languages)
  - Implosives and glottalized resonants (1 language)
  - Ejectives, implosives, and glottalized resonants (0 languages)
- Lateral Consonants (308 languages) (5 values)
  - No laterals (33 languages)
  - /l/, no obstruent laterals (211 languages)
  - Laterals, but no /l/, no obstruent laterals (10 languages)
  - /l/ and lateral obstruent (42 languages)
  - No /l/, but lateral obstruents (12 languages)
- The Velar Nasal (311 languages) (3 values)
  - Initial velar nasal (107 languages)
  - No initial velar nasal (50 languages)
  - No velar nasal (154 languages)
- Vowel Nasalization (302 languages) (2 values)
  - Contrast present (52 languages)
  - Contrast absent (250 languages)
- Front Rounded Vowels (306 languages) (4 values)
  - None (236 languages)
  - High and mid (49 languages)
  - High only (14 languages)
  - Mid only (7 languages)
- Syllable Structure (311 languages) (3 values)
  - Simple (67 languages)
  - Moderately complex (155 languages)
  - Complex (89 languages)
- Tone (316 languages) (3 values)
  - No tones (236 languages)
  - Simple tone system (54 languages)
  - Complex tone system (26 languages)
- Fixed Stress Locations (265 languages) (7 values)
  - No fixed stress (135 languages)
  - Initial (51 languages)
  - Second (6 languages)
  - Third (0 languages)
  - Antepenultimate (4 languages)
  - Penultimate (46 languages)
  - Ultimate (23 languages)
- Weight-Sensitive Stress (230 languages) (8 values)
  - Left-edge: First or second (10 languages)
  - Left-oriented: One of the first three (7 languages)
  - Right-edge: Ultimate or penultimate (24 languages)
  - Right-oriented: One of the last three (24 languages)
  - Unbounded: Stress can be anywhere (26 languages)
  - Combined: Right-edge and unbounded (6 languages)
  - Not predictable (31 languages)
  - Fixed stress (102 languages)
- Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems (228 languages) (7 values)
  - No weight (113 languages)
  - Long vowel (20 languages)
  - Coda consonant (8 languages)
  - Long vowel or coda consonant (25 languages)
  - Prominence (8 languages)
  - Lexical stress (36 languages)
  - Combined (18 languages)
- Rhythm Types (194 languages) (5 values)
  - Trochaic (67 languages)
  - Iambic (13 languages)
  - Dual: both trochaic and iambic (12 languages)
  - Undetermined (20 languages)
  - No rhythmic stress (82 languages)
- Absence of Common Consonants (304 languages) (6 values)
  - All present (275 languages)
  - No bilabials (12 languages)
  - No fricatives (12 languages)
  - No nasals (4 languages)
  - No bilabials or nasals (1 language)
  - No fricatives or nasals (0 languages)
- Presence of Uncommon Consonants (306 languages) (7 values)
  - None (199 languages)
  - Clicks (8 languages)
  - Labial-velars (13 languages)
  - Pharyngeals (11 languages)
  - 'Th' sounds (64 languages)
  - Clicks, pharyngeals, and 'th' (6 languages)
  - Pharyngeals and 'th' (5 languages)
Morphology
- Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives (232 languages) (7 values)
  - Exclusively concatenative (138 languages)
  - Exclusively isolating (21 languages)
  - Exclusively tonal (2 languages)
  - Tonal/isolating (4 languages)
  - Tonal/concatenative (5 languages)
  - Ablaut/concatenative (20 languages)
  - Isolating/concatenative (42 languages)
- Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives (222 languages) (5 values)
  - Monoexponential case (95 languages)
  - Case + number (36 languages)
  - Case + referentiality (6 languages)
  - Case + TAM (6 languages)
  - No case (79 languages)
- Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb (224 languages) (7 values)
  - 0-1 category per word (21 languages)
  - 2-3 categories per word (55 languages)
  - 4-5 categories per word (65 languages)
  - 6-7 categories per word (40 languages)
  - 8-9 categories per word (23 languages)
  - 10-11 categories per word (9 languages)
  - 12-13 categories per word (11 languages)
- Locus of Marking in the Clause (224 languages) (5 values)
  - Head marking (62 languages)
  - Dependent marking (80 languages)
  - Double marking (48 languages)
  - No marking (30 languages)
  - Other (4 languages)
- Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases (225 languages) (5 values)
  - Head marking (56 languages)
  - Dependent marking (109 languages)
  - Double marking (23 languages)
  - No marking (23 languages)
  - Other (14 languages)
- Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology (214 languages) (5 values)
  - Head-marking (39 languages)
  - Dependent-marking (64 languages)
  - Double-marking (15 languages)
  - Zero-marking (9 languages)
  - Inconsistent or other (87 languages)
- Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology (254 languages) (6 values)
  - Little affixation (27 languages)
  - Strongly suffixing (107 languages)
  - Weakly suffixing (41 languages)
  - Equal prefixing and suffixing (42 languages)
  - Weakly prefixing (21 languages)
  - Strong prefixing (16 languages)
- Reduplication (229 languages) (3 values)
  - Productive full and partial reduplication (95 languages)
  - Full reduplication only (22 languages)
  - No productive reduplication (112 languages)
- Case Syncretism (243 languages) (4 values)
  - No case marking (111 languages)
  - Core cases only (28 languages)
  - Core and non-core (33 languages)
  - No syncretism (71 languages)
- Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking (241 languages) (3 values)
  - No subject person/number marking (81 languages)
  - Syncretic (66 languages)
  - Not syncretic (94 languages)
Nominal Categories
- Number of Genders (281 languages) (5 values)
  - None (153 languages)
  - Two (46 languages)
  - Three (38 languages)
  - Four (14 languages)
  - Five or more (30 languages)
- Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems (275 languages) (3 values)
  - No gender (149 languages)
  - Sex-based (78 languages)
  - Non-sex-based (48 languages)
- Systems of Gender Assignment (267 languages) (3 values)
  - No gender (147 languages)
  - Semantic (65 languages)
  - Semantic and formal (55 languages)
- Coding of Nominal Plurality (270 languages) (9 values)
  - Plural prefix (17 languages)
  - Plural suffix (140 languages)
  - Plural stem change (11 languages)
  - Plural tone (2 languages)
  - Plural complete reduplication (4 languages)
  - Mixed morphological plural (18 languages)
  - Plural word (31 languages)
  - Plural clitic (12 languages)
  - No plural (35 languages)
- Occurrence of Nominal Plurality (227 languages) (6 values)
  - No nominal plural (25 languages)
  - Only human nouns, optional (11 languages)
  - Only human nouns, obligatory (7 languages)
  - All nouns, always optional (47 languages)
  - All nouns, optional in inanimates (8 languages)
  - All nouns, always obligatory (129 languages)
- Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns (250 languages) (8 values)
  - No independent subject pronouns (7 languages)
  - Number-indifferent pronouns (22 languages)
  - Person-number affixes (18 languages)
  - Person-number stem (123 languages)
  - Person-number stem + pronominal plural affix (25 languages)
  - Person-number stem + nominal plural affix (16 languages)
  - Person stem + pronominal plural affix (19 languages)
  - Person stem + nominal plural affix (20 languages)
- The Associative Plural (188 languages) (4 values)
  - Associative same as additive plural (42 languages)
  - Unique affixal associative plural (21 languages)
  - Unique periphrastic associative plural (32 languages)
  - No associative plural (93 languages)
- Definite Articles (260 languages) (5 values)
  - Definite word distinct from demonstrative (79 languages)
  - Demonstrative word used as definite article (26 languages)
  - Definite affix (26 languages)
  - No definite, but indefinite article (20 languages)
  - No definite or indefinite article (109 languages)
- Indefinite Articles (245 languages) (5 values)
  - Indefinite word distinct from 'one' (47 languages)
  - Indefinite word same as 'one' (33 languages)
  - Indefinite affix (18 languages)
  - No indefinite, but definite article (45 languages)
  - No definite or indefinite article (102 languages)
- Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns (252 languages) (5 values)
  - No 'we' (6 languages)
  - 'We' the same as 'I' (14 languages)
  - No inclusive/exclusive (142 languages)
  - Only inclusive (8 languages)
  - Inclusive/exclusive (82 languages)
- Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection (251 languages) (5 values)
  - No person marking (94 languages)
  - 'We' the same as 'I' (14 languages)
  - No inclusive/exclusive (102 languages)
  - Only inclusive (7 languages)
  - Inclusive/exclusive (34 languages)
- Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives (232 languages) (5 values)
  - No distance contrast (25 languages)
  - Two-way contrast (108 languages)
  - Three-way contrast (81 languages)
  - Four-way contrast (11 languages)
  - Five (or more)-way contrast (7 languages)
- Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives (197 languages) (3 values)
  - Identical (121 languages)
  - Different stem (42 languages)
  - Different inflection (34 languages)
- Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives (215 languages) (6 values)
  - Unrelated (122 languages)
  - Related for all demonstratives (32 languages)
  - Related to remote demonstratives (15 languages)
  - Related to non-remote demonstratives (8 languages)
  - Related by gender markers (18 languages)
  - Related for non-human reference (20 languages)
- Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns (250 languages) (6 values)
  - In 3rd person + 1st and/or 2nd person (26 languages)
  - 3rd person only, but also non-singular (40 languages)
  - 3rd person singular only (46 languages)
  - 1st or 2nd person but not 3rd (3 languages)
  - 3rd person non-singular only (1 language)
  - No gender distinctions (134 languages)
- Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns (243 languages) (4 values)
  - No politeness distinction (162 languages)
  - Binary politeness distinction (51 languages)
  - Multiple politeness distinctions (16 languages)
  - Pronouns avoided for politeness (14 languages)
- Indefinite Pronouns (183 languages) (5 values)
  - Interrogative-based (75 languages)
  - Generic-noun-based (53 languages)
  - Special (33 languages)
  - Mixed (18 languages)
  - Existential construction (4 languages)
- Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns (185 languages) (2 values)
  - Identical (77 languages)
  - Differentiated (108 languages)
- Person Marking on Adpositions (232 languages) (4 values)
  - No adpositions (33 languages)
  - No person marking (141 languages)
  - Pronouns only (41 languages)
  - Pronouns and nouns (17 languages)
- Number of Cases (257 languages) (9 values)
  - No morphological case-marking (92 languages)
  - 2 cases (17 languages)
  - 3 cases (13 languages)
  - 4 cases (19 languages)
  - 5 cases (13 languages)
  - 6-7 cases (29 languages)
  - 8-9 cases (21 languages)
  - 10 or more cases (41 languages)
  - Exclusively borderline case-marking (12 languages)
- Asymmetrical Case-Marking (230 languages) (6 values)
  - No case-marking (81 languages)
  - Symmetrical (86 languages)
  - Additive-quantitatively asymmetrical (31 languages)
  - Subtractive-quantitatively asymmetrical (13 languages)
  - Qualitatively asymmetrical (4 languages)
  - Syncretism in relevant NP-types (15 languages)
- Position of Case Affixes (244 languages) (9 values)
  - Case suffixes (103 languages)
  - Case prefixes (16 languages)
  - Case tone (0 languages)
  - Case stem change (3 languages)
  - Mixed morphological case (13 languages)
  - Postpositional clitics (19 languages)
  - Prepositional clitics (10 languages)
  - Inpositional clitics (1 language)
  - No case affixes or adpositional clitics (79 languages)
- Comitatives and Instrumentals (196 languages) (3 values)
  - Identity (35 languages)
  - Differentiation (146 languages)
  - Mixed (15 languages)
- Ordinal Numerals (214 languages) (8 values)
  - None (21 languages)
  - One, two, three (11 languages)
  - First, two, three (8 languages)
  - One-th, two-th, three-th (63 languages)
  - First/one-th, two-th, three-th (22 languages)
  - First, two-th, three-th (42 languages)
  - First, second, three-th (28 languages)
  - Various (19 languages)
- Distributive Numerals (155 languages) (7 values)
  - No distributive numerals (70 languages)
  - Marked by reduplication (22 languages)
  - Marked by prefix (8 languages)
  - Marked by suffix (23 languages)
  - Marked by preceding word (12 languages)
  - Marked by following word (5 languages)
  - Marked by mixed or other strategies (15 languages)
- Numeral Classifiers (209 languages) (3 values)
  - Absent (164 languages)
  - Optional (28 languages)
  - Obligatory (17 languages)
- Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers (140 languages) (3 values)
  - Formally different (92 languages)
  - Formally similar, without interrogative (23 languages)
  - Formally similar, with interrogative (25 languages)
- Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes (227 languages) (4 values)
  - Possessive prefixes (43 languages)
  - Possessive suffixes (74 languages)
  - Prefixes and suffixes (4 languages)
  - No possessive affixes (106 languages)
Nominal Syntax
- Obligatory Possessive Inflection (224 languages) (2 values)
  - Exists (38 languages)
  - Absent (186 languages)
- Possessive Classification (220 languages) (4 values)
  - No possessive classification (146 languages)
  - Two classes (58 languages)
  - Three to five classes (12 languages)
  - More than five classes (4 languages)
- Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses (170 languages) (6 values)
  - Weakly differentiated (25 languages)
  - Genitives and adjectives collapsed (16 languages)
  - Genitives and relative clauses collapsed (4 languages)
  - Adjectives and relative clauses collapsed (29 languages)
  - Moderately differentiated in other ways (5 languages)
  - Highly differentiated (91 languages)
- Adjectives without Nouns (175 languages) (7 values)
  - Not without noun (21 languages)
  - Without marking (81 languages)
  - Marked by prefix (7 languages)
  - Marked by suffix (31 languages)
  - Marked by preceding word (16 languages)
  - Marked by following word (12 languages)
  - Marked by mixed or other strategies (7 languages)
- Action Nominal Constructions (170 languages) (8 values)
  - Sentential (24 languages)
  - Possessive-Accusative (32 languages)
  - Ergative-Possessive (22 languages)
  - Double-Possessive (9 languages)
  - Other (10 languages)
  - Mixed (21 languages)
  - Restricted (16 languages)
  - No action nominals (36 languages)
- Noun Phrase Conjunction (180 languages) (2 values)
  - 'And' different from 'with' (137 languages)
  - 'And' identical to 'with' (43 languages)
- Nominal and Verbal Conjunction (193 languages) (3 values)
  - Identity (103 languages)
  - Differentiation (78 languages)
  - Both expressed by juxtaposition (12 languages)
Verbal Categories
- Perfective/Imperfective Aspect (236 languages) (2 values)
  - Grammatical marking (140 languages)
  - No grammatical marking (96 languages)
- The Past Tense (252 languages) (4 values)
  - Present, no remoteness distinctions (141 languages)
  - Present, 2-3 remoteness distinctions (33 languages)
  - Present, 4 or more remoteness distinctions (5 languages)
  - No past tense (73 languages)
- The Future Tense (250 languages) (2 values)
  - Inflectional future exists (150 languages)
  - No inflectional future (100 languages)
- The Perfect (232 languages) (4 values)
  - From possessive (14 languages)
  - From 'finish', 'already' (17 languages)
  - Other perfect (103 languages)
  - No perfect (98 languages)
- Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes (248 languages) (5 values)
  - Tense-aspect prefixes (25 languages)
  - Tense-aspect suffixes (143 languages)
  - Tense-aspect tone (3 languages)
  - Mixed type (34 languages)
  - No tense-aspect inflection (43 languages)
- The Morphological Imperative (231 languages) (5 values)
  - Second singular and second plural (96 languages)
  - Second singular (12 languages)
  - Second plural (2 languages)
  - Second person number-neutral (59 languages)
  - No second-person imperatives (62 languages)
- The Prohibitive (208 languages) (4 values)
  - Normal imperative + normal negative (99 languages)
  - Normal imperative + special negative (53 languages)
  - Special imperative + normal negative (14 languages)
  - Special imperative + special negative (42 languages)
- Imperative-Hortative Systems (181 languages) (4 values)
  - Maximal system (69 languages)
  - Minimal system (20 languages)
  - Both types of system (8 languages)
  - Neither type of system (84 languages)
- The Optative (214 languages) (2 values)
  - Inflectional optative present (53 languages)
  - Inflectional optative absent (161 languages)
- Situational Possibility (180 languages) (3 values)
  - Affixes on verbs (54 languages)
  - Verbal constructions (113 languages)
  - Other kinds of markers (13 languages)
- Epistemic Possibility (183 languages) (3 values)
  - Verbal constructions (69 languages)
  - Affixes on verbs (57 languages)
  - Other (57 languages)
- Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking (151 languages) (3 values)
  - Overlap for both possibility and necessity (37 languages)
  - Overlap for either possibility or necessity (42 languages)
  - No overlap (72 languages)
- Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality (203 languages) (3 values)
  - No grammatical evidentials (118 languages)
  - Indirect only (46 languages)
  - Direct and indirect (39 languages)
- Coding of Evidentiality (203 languages) (6 values)
  - No grammatical evidentials (119 languages)
  - Verbal affix or clitic (43 languages)
  - Part of the tense system (12 languages)
  - Separate particle (16 languages)
  - Modal morpheme (8 languages)
  - Mixed (5 languages)
- Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect (196 languages) (4 values)
  - Tense (29 languages)
  - Aspect (16 languages)
  - Tense and aspect (21 languages)
  - None (130 languages)
- Verbal Number and Suppletion (195 languages) (5 values)
  - None (166 languages)
  - Singular-plural pairs, no suppletion (11 languages)
  - Singular-plural pairs, suppletion (9 languages)
  - Singular-dual-plural triples, no suppletion (8 languages)
  - Singular-dual-plural triples, suppletion (1 language)
Word Order
- Order of Subject, Object and Verb (276 languages) (7 values)
  - SOV (89 languages)
  - SVO (80 languages)
  - VSO (39 languages)
  - VOS (10 languages)
  - OVS (7 languages)
  - OSV (7 languages)
  - No dominant order (44 languages)
- Order of Subject and Verb (266 languages) (3 values)
  - SV (182 languages)
  - VS (58 languages)
  - No dominant order (26 languages)
- Order of Object and Verb (265 languages) (3 values)
  - OV (106 languages)
  - VO (132 languages)
  - No dominant order (27 languages)
- Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb (197 languages) (6 values)
  - VOX (93 languages)
  - XVO (5 languages)
  - XOV (28 languages)
  - OXV (15 languages)
  - OVX (13 languages)
  - No dominant order (43 languages)
- Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase (246 languages) (5 values)
  - Postpositions (96 languages)
  - Prepositions (116 languages)
  - Inpositions (1 language)
  - No dominant order (7 languages)
  - No adpositions (26 languages)
- Order of Genitive and Noun (254 languages) (3 values)
  - Genitive-Noun (116 languages)
  - Noun-Genitive (115 languages)
  - No dominant order (23 languages)
- Order of Adjective and Noun (264 languages) (4 values)
  - Adjective-Noun (101 languages)
  - Noun-Adjective (141 languages)
  - No dominant order (18 languages)
  - Only internally-headed relative clauses (4 languages)
- Order of Demonstrative and Noun (251 languages) (6 values)
  - Demonstrative-Noun (145 languages)
  - Noun-Demonstrative (76 languages)
  - Demonstrative prefix (6 languages)
  - Demonstrative suffix (8 languages)
  - Demonstrative before and after Noun (3 languages)
  - Mixed (13 languages)
- Order of Numeral and Noun (247 languages) (4 values)
  - Numeral-Noun (155 languages)
  - Noun-Numeral (76 languages)
  - No dominant order (14 languages)
  - Numeral only modifies verb (2 languages)
- Order of Relative Clause and Noun (225 languages) (7 values)
  - Noun-Relative clause (138 languages)
  - Relative clause-Noun (49 languages)
  - Internally headed (6 languages)
  - Correlative (5 languages)
  - Adjoined (5 languages)
  - Doubly headed (2 languages)
  - Mixed (20 languages)
- Order of Degree Word and Adjective (166 languages) (3 values)
  - Degree word-Adjective (92 languages)
  - Adjective-Degree word (58 languages)
  - No dominant order (16 languages)
- Position of Polar Question Particles (217 languages) (6 values)
  - Initial (53 languages)
  - Final (58 languages)
  - Second position (16 languages)
  - Other position (11 languages)
  - In either of two positions (12 languages)
  - No question particle (67 languages)
- Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions (218 languages) (3 values)
  - Initial interrogative phrase (77 languages)
  - Not initial interrogative phrase (111 languages)
  - Mixed (30 languages)
- Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause (191 languages) (5 values)
  - Initial subordinator word (122 languages)
  - Final subordinator word (20 languages)
  - Internal subordinator word (6 languages)
  - Subordinating suffix (16 languages)
  - Mixed (27 languages)
- Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase (215 languages) (5 values)
  - OV and Postpositions (72 languages)
  - OV and Prepositions (11 languages)
  - VO and Postpositions (14 languages)
  - VO and Prepositions (85 languages)
  - Other (33 languages)
- Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun (205 languages) (5 values)
  - OV and RelN (38 languages)
  - OV and NRel (27 languages)
  - VO and RelN (5 languages)
  - VO and NRel (91 languages)
  - Other (44 languages)
- Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun (218 languages) (5 values)
  - OV and AdjN (47 languages)
  - OV and NAdj (41 languages)
  - VO and AdjN (31 languages)
  - VO and NAdj (71 languages)
  - Other (28 languages)
Simple Clauses
- Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases (223 languages) (6 values)
  - Neutral (92 languages)
  - Nominative - accusative (standard) (75 languages)
  - Nominative - accusative (marked nominative) (8 languages)
  - Ergative - absolutive (26 languages)
  - Tripartite (5 languages)
  - Active-inactive (17 languages)
- Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns (209 languages) (7 values)
  - Neutral (70 languages)
  - Nominative - accusative (standard) (90 languages)
  - Nominative - accusative (marked nominative) (3 languages)
  - Ergative - absolutive (19 languages)
  - Tripartite (4 languages)
  - Active - inactive (17 languages)
  - None (6 languages)
- Alignment of Verbal Person Marking (217 languages) (6 values)
  - Neutral (65 languages)
  - Accusative (101 languages)
  - Ergative (11 languages)
  - Active (22 languages)
  - Hierarchical (8 languages)
  - Split (10 languages)
- Expression of Pronominal Subjects (201 languages) (6 values)
  - Obligatory pronouns in subject position (44 languages)
  - Subject affixes on verb (91 languages)
  - Subject clitics on variable host (7 languages)
  - Subject pronouns in different position (6 languages)
  - Optional pronouns in subject position (39 languages)
  - Mixed (14 languages)
- Verbal Person Marking (232 languages) (5 values)
  - No person marking (79 languages)
  - Only the A argument (59 languages)
  - Only the P argument (5 languages)
  - A or P argument (9 languages)
  - Both the A and P arguments (80 languages)
- Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking (208 languages) (6 values)
  - No person marking (74 languages)
  - No zero realization (89 languages)
  - Zero in some 3sg forms (15 languages)
  - Zero in all 3sg forms (19 languages)
  - Zero in all 3rd person forms (10 languages)
  - Zero only in 3rd nonsingular (1 language)
- Order of Person Markers on the Verb (206 languages) (5 values)
  - A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb (124 languages)
  - A precedes P (38 languages)
  - P precedes A (23 languages)
  - Both orders of A and P occur (10 languages)
  - A and P are fused (11 languages)
- Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' (196 languages) (4 values)
  - Indirect-object construction (128 languages)
  - Double-object construction (22 languages)
  - Secondary-object construction (31 languages)
  - Mixed (15 languages)
- Reciprocal Constructions (175 languages) (4 values)
  - No reciprocals (14 languages)
  - Distinct from reflexive (100 languages)
  - Mixed (19 languages)
  - Identical to reflexive (42 languages)
- Passive Constructions (231 languages) (2 values)
  - Present (140 languages)
  - Absent (91 languages)
- Antipassive Constructions (210 languages) (3 values)
  - Implicit patient (12 languages)
  - Oblique patient (20 languages)
  - No antipassive (178 languages)
- Applicative Constructions (178 languages) (8 values)
  - Benefactive object; both bases (7 languages)
  - Benefactive object; only transitive (5 languages)
  - Benefactive and other; both bases (37 languages)
  - Benefactive and other; only transitive (1 language)
  - Non-benefactive object; both bases (5 languages)
  - Non-benefactive object; only transitive (1 language)
  - Non-benefactive object; only intransitive (1 language)
  - No applicative construction (121 languages)
- Periphrastic Causative Constructions (109 languages) (3 values)
  - Sequential but no purposive (32 languages)
  - Purposive but no sequential (47 languages)
  - Both (30 languages)
- Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions (173 languages) (4 values)
  - Neither (25 languages)
  - Morphological but no compound (123 languages)
  - Compound but no morphological (10 languages)
  - Both (15 languages)
- Negative Morphemes (220 languages) (6 values)
  - Negative affix (65 languages)
  - Negative particle (100 languages)
  - Negative auxiliary verb (18 languages)
  - Negative word, unclear if verb or particle (15 languages)
  - Variation between negative word and affix (13 languages)
  - Double negation (9 languages)
- Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation (187 languages) (3 values)
  - Symmetric (104 languages)
  - Asymmetric (22 languages)
  - Both (61 languages)
- Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation (157 languages) (7 values)
  - A/Fin (16 languages)
  - A/NonReal (10 languages)
  - A/Cat (33 languages)
  - A/Fin and A/NonReal (4 languages)
  - A/Fin and A/Cat (14 languages)
  - A/NonReal and A/Cat (4 languages)
  - Non-assignable (76 languages)
- Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation (127 languages) (4 values)
  - Predicate negation also present (85 languages)
  - No predicate negation (24 languages)
  - Mixed behaviour (11 languages)
  - Negative existential construction (7 languages)
- Polar Questions (202 languages) (7 values)
  - Question particle (128 languages)
  - Interrogative verb morphology (31 languages)
  - Mixture of previous two types (3 languages)
  - Interrogative word order (7 languages)
  - Absence of declarative morphemes (1 language)
  - Interrogative intonation only (29 languages)
  - No interrogative-declarative distinction (3 languages)
- Predicative Possession (150 languages) (5 values)
  - Locational (37 languages)
  - Genitive (18 languages)
  - Topic (14 languages)
  - Conjunctional (16 languages)
  - 'Have' (65 languages)
- Predicative Adjectives (175 languages) (3 values)
  - Verbal encoding (78 languages)
  - Nonverbal encoding (66 languages)
  - Mixed (31 languages)
- Nominal and Locational Predication (173 languages) (2 values)
  - Different (104 languages)
  - Identical (69 languages)
- Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals (185 languages) (2 values)
  - Impossible (104 languages)
  - Possible (81 languages)
- Comparative Constructions (121 languages) (4 values)
  - Locational (40 languages)
  - Exceed (26 languages)
  - Conjoined (17 languages)
  - Particle (38 languages)
Complex Sentences
- Relativization on Subjects (169 languages) (4 values)
  - Relative pronoun (44 languages)
  - Non-reduction (20 languages)
  - Pronoun-retention (8 languages)
  - Gap (97 languages)
- Relativization on Obliques (149 languages) (5 values)
  - Relative pronoun (42 languages)
  - Non-reduction (15 languages)
  - Pronoun-retention (25 languages)
  - Gap (54 languages)
  - Not possible (13 languages)
- 'Want' Complement Subjects (153 languages) (5 values)
  - Subject is left implicit (80 languages)
  - Subject is expressed overtly (30 languages)
  - Both construction types exist (14 languages)
  - Desiderative verbal affix (20 languages)
  - Desiderative particle (9 languages)
- Purpose Clauses (144 languages) (3 values)
  - Balanced (44 languages)
  - Balanced/deranked (29 languages)
  - Deranked (71 languages)
- 'When' Clauses (150 languages) (3 values)
  - Balanced (77 languages)
  - Balanced/deranked (34 languages)
  - Deranked (39 languages)
- Reason Clauses (146 languages) (3 values)
  - Balanced (85 languages)
  - Balanced/deranked (26 languages)
  - Deranked (35 languages)
- Utterance Complement Clauses (126 languages) (3 values)
  - Balanced (90 languages)
  - Balanced/deranked (24 languages)
  - Deranked (12 languages)
Lexicon
- Hand and Arm (189 languages) (2 values)
  - Identical (28 languages)
  - Different (161 languages)
- Finger and Hand (186 languages) (2 values)
  - Identical (11 languages)
  - Different (175 languages)
- Numeral Bases (224 languages) (6 values)
  - Decimal (145 languages)
  - Hybrid vigesimal-decimal (17 languages)
  - Pure vigesimal (11 languages)
  - Other base (36 languages)
  - Extended body-part system (2 languages)
  - Restricted (13 languages)
- Number of Non-Derived Basic Colour Categories (75 languages) (7 values)
  - 3 (5 languages)
  - 3.5 (0 languages)
  - 4 (8 languages)
  - 4.5 (1 language)
  - 5 (8 languages)
  - 5.5 (0 languages)
  - 6 (53 languages)
- Number of Basic Colour Categories (83 languages) (7 values)
  - 3-4 (7 languages)
  - 4.5-5.5 (5 languages)
  - 6-6.5 (9 languages)
  - 7-7.5 (3 languages)
  - 8-8.5 (10 languages)
  - 9-10 (7 languages)
  - 11 (42 languages)
- Green and Blue (125 languages) (7 values)
  - Green vs. blue (98 languages)
  - Green/blue (19 languages)
  - Black/green/blue (1 language)
  - Black/blue vs. green (3 languages)
  - Yellow/green/blue (0 languages)
  - Yellow/green vs. blue (3 languages)
  - None (1 language)
- Red and Yellow (126 languages) (5 values)
  - Red vs. yellow (110 languages)
  - Red/yellow (9 languages)
  - Yellow/green/blue vs. red (1 language)
  - Yellow/green vs. red (4 languages)
  - None (2 languages)
- M-T Pronouns (189 languages) (3 values)
  - No M-T pronouns (139 languages)
  - M-T pronouns, paradigmatic (45 languages)
  - M-T pronouns, non-paradigmatic (5 languages)
- N-M Pronouns (187 languages) (3 values)
  - No N-M pronouns (166 languages)
  - N-M pronouns, paradigmatic (12 languages)
  - N-M pronouns, non-paradigmatic (9 languages)
- Tea (134 languages) (3 values)
  - Words derived from Sinitic cha (41 languages)
  - Words derived from Min Nan Chinese te (36 languages)
  - Others (57 languages)
Sign Languages
- Irregular Negatives in Sign Languages (13 languages) (4 values)
  - None (12 languages)
  - One (0 languages)
  - Some (2-5) (0 languages)
  - Many (more than 5) (1 language)
- Question Particles in Sign Languages (14 languages) (3 values)
  - None (9 languages)
  - One (2 languages)
  - More than one (3 languages)
Other
- Writing Systems (138 languages) (6 values)
  - Alphabetic (101 languages)
  - Consonantal (1 language)
  - Alphasyllabic (16 languages)
  - Syllabic (12 languages)
  - Logographic (2 languages)
  - Mixed logographic–syllabic (6 languages)
- Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks (112 languages) (3 values)
  - Logical meanings (13 languages)
  - Affective meanings (51 languages)
  - Other or none (48 languages)
Conlang-specific
- Conlang type (171 languages) (5 values)
  - Auxlang (9 languages)
  - Artlang (137 languages)
  - Engelang (9 languages)
  - Fauxlang (3 languages)
  - Other (13 languages)

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CALSβ

Conlang Atlas of Language Structures

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