CALS: Conlang Atlas of Language Structure

CALS_β	Conlang Atlas of Language Structures	Log in

Phonology
- Consonant Inventories (352 languages) (5 values)
  - Small (49 languages)
  - Moderately small (76 languages)
  - Average (136 languages)
  - Moderately large (67 languages)
  - Large (24 languages)
- Vowel Quality Inventories (356 languages) (3 values)
  - Small (2-4) (54 languages)
  - Average (5-6) (159 languages)
  - Large (7-14) (143 languages)
- Consonant-Vowel Ratio (346 languages) (5 values)
  - Low (49 languages)
  - Moderately low (64 languages)
  - Average (161 languages)
  - Moderately high (39 languages)
  - High (33 languages)
- Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives (351 languages) (4 values)
  - No voicing constrast (87 languages)
  - In plosives alone (70 languages)
  - In fricatives alone (31 languages)
  - In both plosives and fricatives (163 languages)
- Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems (340 languages) (5 values)
  - Other (112 languages)
  - None missing in /p t k b d g/ (178 languages)
  - Missing /p/ (21 languages)
  - Missing /g/ (18 languages)
  - Both missing (11 languages)
- Uvular Consonants (347 languages) (4 values)
  - None (255 languages)
  - Uvular stops only (25 languages)
  - Uvular continuants only (38 languages)
  - Uvular stops and continuants (29 languages)
- Glottalized Consonants (345 languages) (8 values)
  - No glottalized consonants (285 languages)
  - Ejectives only (34 languages)
  - Implosives only (11 languages)
  - Glottalized resonants only (1 language)
  - Ejectives and implosives (4 languages)
  - Ejectives and glottalized resonants (8 languages)
  - Implosives and glottalized resonants (1 language)
  - Ejectives, implosives, and glottalized resonants (1 language)
- Lateral Consonants (341 languages) (5 values)
  - No laterals (39 languages)
  - /l/, no obstruent laterals (235 languages)
  - Laterals, but no /l/, no obstruent laterals (10 languages)
  - /l/ and lateral obstruent (44 languages)
  - No /l/, but lateral obstruents (13 languages)
- The Velar Nasal (347 languages) (3 values)
  - Initial velar nasal (124 languages)
  - No initial velar nasal (57 languages)
  - No velar nasal (166 languages)
- Vowel Nasalization (338 languages) (2 values)
  - Contrast present (55 languages)
  - Contrast absent (283 languages)
- Front Rounded Vowels (341 languages) (4 values)
  - None (258 languages)
  - High and mid (58 languages)
  - High only (18 languages)
  - Mid only (7 languages)
- Syllable Structure (346 languages) (3 values)
  - Simple (73 languages)
  - Moderately complex (174 languages)
  - Complex (99 languages)
- Tone (351 languages) (3 values)
  - No tones (266 languages)
  - Simple tone system (57 languages)
  - Complex tone system (28 languages)
- Fixed Stress Locations (289 languages) (7 values)
  - No fixed stress (148 languages)
  - Initial (56 languages)
  - Second (6 languages)
  - Third (0 languages)
  - Antepenultimate (4 languages)
  - Penultimate (49 languages)
  - Ultimate (26 languages)
- Weight-Sensitive Stress (255 languages) (8 values)
  - Left-edge: First or second (10 languages)
  - Left-oriented: One of the first three (8 languages)
  - Right-edge: Ultimate or penultimate (24 languages)
  - Right-oriented: One of the last three (29 languages)
  - Unbounded: Stress can be anywhere (32 languages)
  - Combined: Right-edge and unbounded (8 languages)
  - Not predictable (33 languages)
  - Fixed stress (111 languages)
- Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems (250 languages) (7 values)
  - No weight (120 languages)
  - Long vowel (22 languages)
  - Coda consonant (10 languages)
  - Long vowel or coda consonant (29 languages)
  - Prominence (8 languages)
  - Lexical stress (40 languages)
  - Combined (21 languages)
- Rhythm Types (212 languages) (5 values)
  - Trochaic (72 languages)
  - Iambic (16 languages)
  - Dual: both trochaic and iambic (13 languages)
  - Undetermined (22 languages)
  - No rhythmic stress (89 languages)
- Absence of Common Consonants (335 languages) (6 values)
  - All present (305 languages)
  - No bilabials (11 languages)
  - No fricatives (14 languages)
  - No nasals (4 languages)
  - No bilabials or nasals (1 language)
  - No fricatives or nasals (0 languages)
- Presence of Uncommon Consonants (339 languages) (7 values)
  - None (219 languages)
  - Clicks (10 languages)
  - Labial-velars (10 languages)
  - Pharyngeals (12 languages)
  - 'Th' sounds (74 languages)
  - Clicks, pharyngeals, and 'th' (7 languages)
  - Pharyngeals and 'th' (7 languages)
Morphology
- Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives (253 languages) (7 values)
  - Exclusively concatenative (155 languages)
  - Exclusively isolating (24 languages)
  - Exclusively tonal (2 languages)
  - Tonal/isolating (4 languages)
  - Tonal/concatenative (5 languages)
  - Ablaut/concatenative (19 languages)
  - Isolating/concatenative (44 languages)
- Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives (246 languages) (5 values)
  - Monoexponential case (108 languages)
  - Case + number (41 languages)
  - Case + referentiality (7 languages)
  - Case + TAM (7 languages)
  - No case (83 languages)
- Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb (244 languages) (7 values)
  - 0-1 category per word (24 languages)
  - 2-3 categories per word (55 languages)
  - 4-5 categories per word (75 languages)
  - 6-7 categories per word (44 languages)
  - 8-9 categories per word (25 languages)
  - 10-11 categories per word (9 languages)
  - 12-13 categories per word (12 languages)
- Locus of Marking in the Clause (253 languages) (5 values)
  - Head marking (69 languages)
  - Dependent marking (93 languages)
  - Double marking (49 languages)
  - No marking (37 languages)
  - Other (5 languages)
- Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases (254 languages) (5 values)
  - Head marking (64 languages)
  - Dependent marking (127 languages)
  - Double marking (23 languages)
  - No marking (26 languages)
  - Other (14 languages)
- Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology (241 languages) (5 values)
  - Head-marking (45 languages)
  - Dependent-marking (77 languages)
  - Double-marking (15 languages)
  - Zero-marking (11 languages)
  - Inconsistent or other (93 languages)
- Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology (280 languages) (6 values)
  - Little affixation (30 languages)
  - Strongly suffixing (120 languages)
  - Weakly suffixing (43 languages)
  - Equal prefixing and suffixing (45 languages)
  - Weakly prefixing (23 languages)
  - Strong prefixing (19 languages)
- Reduplication (255 languages) (3 values)
  - Productive full and partial reduplication (98 languages)
  - Full reduplication only (25 languages)
  - No productive reduplication (132 languages)
- Case Syncretism (267 languages) (4 values)
  - No case marking (119 languages)
  - Core cases only (29 languages)
  - Core and non-core (36 languages)
  - No syncretism (83 languages)
- Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking (262 languages) (3 values)
  - No subject person/number marking (92 languages)
  - Syncretic (71 languages)
  - Not syncretic (99 languages)
Nominal Categories
- Number of Genders (310 languages) (5 values)
  - None (171 languages)
  - Two (50 languages)
  - Three (44 languages)
  - Four (14 languages)
  - Five or more (31 languages)
- Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems (306 languages) (3 values)
  - No gender (167 languages)
  - Sex-based (82 languages)
  - Non-sex-based (57 languages)
- Systems of Gender Assignment (298 languages) (3 values)
  - No gender (164 languages)
  - Semantic (72 languages)
  - Semantic and formal (62 languages)
- Coding of Nominal Plurality (301 languages) (9 values)
  - Plural prefix (21 languages)
  - Plural suffix (150 languages)
  - Plural stem change (12 languages)
  - Plural tone (2 languages)
  - Plural complete reduplication (4 languages)
  - Mixed morphological plural (21 languages)
  - Plural word (33 languages)
  - Plural clitic (16 languages)
  - No plural (42 languages)
- Occurrence of Nominal Plurality (253 languages) (6 values)
  - No nominal plural (32 languages)
  - Only human nouns, optional (10 languages)
  - Only human nouns, obligatory (7 languages)
  - All nouns, always optional (51 languages)
  - All nouns, optional in inanimates (10 languages)
  - All nouns, always obligatory (143 languages)
- Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns (276 languages) (8 values)
  - No independent subject pronouns (10 languages)
  - Number-indifferent pronouns (24 languages)
  - Person-number affixes (18 languages)
  - Person-number stem (133 languages)
  - Person-number stem + pronominal plural affix (25 languages)
  - Person-number stem + nominal plural affix (16 languages)
  - Person stem + pronominal plural affix (26 languages)
  - Person stem + nominal plural affix (24 languages)
- The Associative Plural (207 languages) (4 values)
  - Associative same as additive plural (46 languages)
  - Unique affixal associative plural (22 languages)
  - Unique periphrastic associative plural (32 languages)
  - No associative plural (107 languages)
- Definite Articles (282 languages) (5 values)
  - Definite word distinct from demonstrative (81 languages)
  - Demonstrative word used as definite article (27 languages)
  - Definite affix (29 languages)
  - No definite, but indefinite article (22 languages)
  - No definite or indefinite article (123 languages)
- Indefinite Articles (269 languages) (5 values)
  - Indefinite word distinct from 'one' (51 languages)
  - Indefinite word same as 'one' (35 languages)
  - Indefinite affix (20 languages)
  - No indefinite, but definite article (48 languages)
  - No definite or indefinite article (115 languages)
- Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns (278 languages) (5 values)
  - No 'we' (6 languages)
  - 'We' the same as 'I' (16 languages)
  - No inclusive/exclusive (153 languages)
  - Only inclusive (9 languages)
  - Inclusive/exclusive (94 languages)
- Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection (278 languages) (5 values)
  - No person marking (106 languages)
  - 'We' the same as 'I' (15 languages)
  - No inclusive/exclusive (109 languages)
  - Only inclusive (8 languages)
  - Inclusive/exclusive (40 languages)
- Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives (256 languages) (5 values)
  - No distance contrast (28 languages)
  - Two-way contrast (114 languages)
  - Three-way contrast (91 languages)
  - Four-way contrast (14 languages)
  - Five (or more)-way contrast (9 languages)
- Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives (217 languages) (3 values)
  - Identical (132 languages)
  - Different stem (45 languages)
  - Different inflection (40 languages)
- Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives (238 languages) (6 values)
  - Unrelated (137 languages)
  - Related for all demonstratives (38 languages)
  - Related to remote demonstratives (15 languages)
  - Related to non-remote demonstratives (8 languages)
  - Related by gender markers (20 languages)
  - Related for non-human reference (20 languages)
- Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns (277 languages) (6 values)
  - In 3rd person + 1st and/or 2nd person (26 languages)
  - 3rd person only, but also non-singular (48 languages)
  - 3rd person singular only (51 languages)
  - 1st or 2nd person but not 3rd (4 languages)
  - 3rd person non-singular only (1 language)
  - No gender distinctions (147 languages)
- Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns (266 languages) (4 values)
  - No politeness distinction (176 languages)
  - Binary politeness distinction (54 languages)
  - Multiple politeness distinctions (19 languages)
  - Pronouns avoided for politeness (17 languages)
- Indefinite Pronouns (201 languages) (5 values)
  - Interrogative-based (80 languages)
  - Generic-noun-based (58 languages)
  - Special (39 languages)
  - Mixed (20 languages)
  - Existential construction (4 languages)
- Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns (208 languages) (2 values)
  - Identical (88 languages)
  - Differentiated (120 languages)
- Person Marking on Adpositions (253 languages) (4 values)
  - No adpositions (36 languages)
  - No person marking (156 languages)
  - Pronouns only (43 languages)
  - Pronouns and nouns (18 languages)
- Number of Cases (283 languages) (9 values)
  - No morphological case-marking (99 languages)
  - 2 cases (18 languages)
  - 3 cases (18 languages)
  - 4 cases (20 languages)
  - 5 cases (16 languages)
  - 6-7 cases (31 languages)
  - 8-9 cases (24 languages)
  - 10 or more cases (45 languages)
  - Exclusively borderline case-marking (12 languages)
- Asymmetrical Case-Marking (251 languages) (6 values)
  - No case-marking (86 languages)
  - Symmetrical (94 languages)
  - Additive-quantitatively asymmetrical (36 languages)
  - Subtractive-quantitatively asymmetrical (16 languages)
  - Qualitatively asymmetrical (4 languages)
  - Syncretism in relevant NP-types (15 languages)
- Position of Case Affixes (270 languages) (9 values)
  - Case suffixes (116 languages)
  - Case prefixes (16 languages)
  - Case tone (0 languages)
  - Case stem change (4 languages)
  - Mixed morphological case (15 languages)
  - Postpositional clitics (22 languages)
  - Prepositional clitics (12 languages)
  - Inpositional clitics (1 language)
  - No case affixes or adpositional clitics (84 languages)
- Comitatives and Instrumentals (215 languages) (3 values)
  - Identity (43 languages)
  - Differentiation (157 languages)
  - Mixed (15 languages)
- Ordinal Numerals (235 languages) (8 values)
  - None (22 languages)
  - One, two, three (12 languages)
  - First, two, three (8 languages)
  - One-th, two-th, three-th (76 languages)
  - First/one-th, two-th, three-th (24 languages)
  - First, two-th, three-th (41 languages)
  - First, second, three-th (32 languages)
  - Various (20 languages)
- Distributive Numerals (169 languages) (7 values)
  - No distributive numerals (79 languages)
  - Marked by reduplication (22 languages)
  - Marked by prefix (8 languages)
  - Marked by suffix (25 languages)
  - Marked by preceding word (13 languages)
  - Marked by following word (7 languages)
  - Marked by mixed or other strategies (15 languages)
- Numeral Classifiers (225 languages) (3 values)
  - Absent (174 languages)
  - Optional (30 languages)
  - Obligatory (21 languages)
- Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers (152 languages) (3 values)
  - Formally different (101 languages)
  - Formally similar, without interrogative (25 languages)
  - Formally similar, with interrogative (26 languages)
- Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes (251 languages) (4 values)
  - Possessive prefixes (45 languages)
  - Possessive suffixes (84 languages)
  - Prefixes and suffixes (4 languages)
  - No possessive affixes (118 languages)
Nominal Syntax
- Obligatory Possessive Inflection (246 languages) (2 values)
  - Exists (40 languages)
  - Absent (206 languages)
- Possessive Classification (239 languages) (4 values)
  - No possessive classification (162 languages)
  - Two classes (60 languages)
  - Three to five classes (13 languages)
  - More than five classes (4 languages)
- Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses (189 languages) (6 values)
  - Weakly differentiated (30 languages)
  - Genitives and adjectives collapsed (19 languages)
  - Genitives and relative clauses collapsed (4 languages)
  - Adjectives and relative clauses collapsed (30 languages)
  - Moderately differentiated in other ways (6 languages)
  - Highly differentiated (100 languages)
- Adjectives without Nouns (195 languages) (7 values)
  - Not without noun (26 languages)
  - Without marking (90 languages)
  - Marked by prefix (8 languages)
  - Marked by suffix (32 languages)
  - Marked by preceding word (16 languages)
  - Marked by following word (13 languages)
  - Marked by mixed or other strategies (10 languages)
- Action Nominal Constructions (185 languages) (8 values)
  - Sentential (23 languages)
  - Possessive-Accusative (34 languages)
  - Ergative-Possessive (24 languages)
  - Double-Possessive (13 languages)
  - Other (11 languages)
  - Mixed (25 languages)
  - Restricted (16 languages)
  - No action nominals (39 languages)
- Noun Phrase Conjunction (198 languages) (2 values)
  - 'And' different from 'with' (150 languages)
  - 'And' identical to 'with' (48 languages)
- Nominal and Verbal Conjunction (212 languages) (3 values)
  - Identity (116 languages)
  - Differentiation (83 languages)
  - Both expressed by juxtaposition (13 languages)
Verbal Categories
- Perfective/Imperfective Aspect (261 languages) (2 values)
  - Grammatical marking (159 languages)
  - No grammatical marking (102 languages)
- The Past Tense (277 languages) (4 values)
  - Present, no remoteness distinctions (157 languages)
  - Present, 2-3 remoteness distinctions (37 languages)
  - Present, 4 or more remoteness distinctions (6 languages)
  - No past tense (77 languages)
- The Future Tense (275 languages) (2 values)
  - Inflectional future exists (164 languages)
  - No inflectional future (111 languages)
- The Perfect (256 languages) (4 values)
  - From possessive (15 languages)
  - From 'finish', 'already' (21 languages)
  - Other perfect (117 languages)
  - No perfect (103 languages)
- Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes (270 languages) (5 values)
  - Tense-aspect prefixes (29 languages)
  - Tense-aspect suffixes (155 languages)
  - Tense-aspect tone (3 languages)
  - Mixed type (36 languages)
  - No tense-aspect inflection (47 languages)
- The Morphological Imperative (249 languages) (5 values)
  - Second singular and second plural (102 languages)
  - Second singular (12 languages)
  - Second plural (3 languages)
  - Second person number-neutral (64 languages)
  - No second-person imperatives (68 languages)
- The Prohibitive (226 languages) (4 values)
  - Normal imperative + normal negative (115 languages)
  - Normal imperative + special negative (53 languages)
  - Special imperative + normal negative (16 languages)
  - Special imperative + special negative (42 languages)
- Imperative-Hortative Systems (188 languages) (4 values)
  - Maximal system (72 languages)
  - Minimal system (22 languages)
  - Both types of system (9 languages)
  - Neither type of system (85 languages)
- The Optative (229 languages) (2 values)
  - Inflectional optative present (59 languages)
  - Inflectional optative absent (170 languages)
- Situational Possibility (197 languages) (3 values)
  - Affixes on verbs (61 languages)
  - Verbal constructions (120 languages)
  - Other kinds of markers (16 languages)
- Epistemic Possibility (197 languages) (3 values)
  - Verbal constructions (76 languages)
  - Affixes on verbs (60 languages)
  - Other (61 languages)
- Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking (165 languages) (3 values)
  - Overlap for both possibility and necessity (43 languages)
  - Overlap for either possibility or necessity (42 languages)
  - No overlap (80 languages)
- Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality (221 languages) (3 values)
  - No grammatical evidentials (124 languages)
  - Indirect only (49 languages)
  - Direct and indirect (48 languages)
- Coding of Evidentiality (224 languages) (6 values)
  - No grammatical evidentials (125 languages)
  - Verbal affix or clitic (52 languages)
  - Part of the tense system (12 languages)
  - Separate particle (20 languages)
  - Modal morpheme (9 languages)
  - Mixed (6 languages)
- Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect (213 languages) (4 values)
  - Tense (30 languages)
  - Aspect (15 languages)
  - Tense and aspect (25 languages)
  - None (143 languages)
- Verbal Number and Suppletion (208 languages) (5 values)
  - None (178 languages)
  - Singular-plural pairs, no suppletion (12 languages)
  - Singular-plural pairs, suppletion (9 languages)
  - Singular-dual-plural triples, no suppletion (8 languages)
  - Singular-dual-plural triples, suppletion (1 language)
Word Order
- Order of Subject, Object and Verb (304 languages) (7 values)
  - SOV (98 languages)
  - SVO (91 languages)
  - VSO (39 languages)
  - VOS (12 languages)
  - OVS (8 languages)
  - OSV (9 languages)
  - No dominant order (47 languages)
- Order of Subject and Verb (293 languages) (3 values)
  - SV (200 languages)
  - VS (62 languages)
  - No dominant order (31 languages)
- Order of Object and Verb (292 languages) (3 values)
  - OV (118 languages)
  - VO (146 languages)
  - No dominant order (28 languages)
- Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb (220 languages) (6 values)
  - VOX (102 languages)
  - XVO (7 languages)
  - XOV (29 languages)
  - OXV (17 languages)
  - OVX (17 languages)
  - No dominant order (48 languages)
- Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase (270 languages) (5 values)
  - Postpositions (108 languages)
  - Prepositions (124 languages)
  - Inpositions (2 languages)
  - No dominant order (10 languages)
  - No adpositions (26 languages)
- Order of Genitive and Noun (278 languages) (3 values)
  - Genitive-Noun (126 languages)
  - Noun-Genitive (128 languages)
  - No dominant order (24 languages)
- Order of Adjective and Noun (288 languages) (4 values)
  - Adjective-Noun (112 languages)
  - Noun-Adjective (154 languages)
  - No dominant order (18 languages)
  - Only internally-headed relative clauses (4 languages)
- Order of Demonstrative and Noun (272 languages) (6 values)
  - Demonstrative-Noun (154 languages)
  - Noun-Demonstrative (79 languages)
  - Demonstrative prefix (7 languages)
  - Demonstrative suffix (10 languages)
  - Demonstrative before and after Noun (3 languages)
  - Mixed (19 languages)
- Order of Numeral and Noun (271 languages) (4 values)
  - Numeral-Noun (169 languages)
  - Noun-Numeral (85 languages)
  - No dominant order (15 languages)
  - Numeral only modifies verb (2 languages)
- Order of Relative Clause and Noun (245 languages) (7 values)
  - Noun-Relative clause (149 languages)
  - Relative clause-Noun (54 languages)
  - Internally headed (7 languages)
  - Correlative (5 languages)
  - Adjoined (5 languages)
  - Doubly headed (2 languages)
  - Mixed (23 languages)
- Order of Degree Word and Adjective (185 languages) (3 values)
  - Degree word-Adjective (103 languages)
  - Adjective-Degree word (63 languages)
  - No dominant order (19 languages)
- Position of Polar Question Particles (239 languages) (6 values)
  - Initial (60 languages)
  - Final (60 languages)
  - Second position (19 languages)
  - Other position (13 languages)
  - In either of two positions (16 languages)
  - No question particle (71 languages)
- Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions (233 languages) (3 values)
  - Initial interrogative phrase (85 languages)
  - Not initial interrogative phrase (114 languages)
  - Mixed (34 languages)
- Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause (209 languages) (5 values)
  - Initial subordinator word (130 languages)
  - Final subordinator word (22 languages)
  - Internal subordinator word (8 languages)
  - Subordinating suffix (17 languages)
  - Mixed (32 languages)
- Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase (236 languages) (5 values)
  - OV and Postpositions (80 languages)
  - OV and Prepositions (11 languages)
  - VO and Postpositions (20 languages)
  - VO and Prepositions (88 languages)
  - Other (37 languages)
- Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun (226 languages) (5 values)
  - OV and RelN (42 languages)
  - OV and NRel (28 languages)
  - VO and RelN (6 languages)
  - VO and NRel (98 languages)
  - Other (52 languages)
- Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun (241 languages) (5 values)
  - OV and AdjN (53 languages)
  - OV and NAdj (42 languages)
  - VO and AdjN (38 languages)
  - VO and NAdj (76 languages)
  - Other (32 languages)
Simple Clauses
- Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases (244 languages) (6 values)
  - Neutral (97 languages)
  - Nominative - accusative (standard) (81 languages)
  - Nominative - accusative (marked nominative) (11 languages)
  - Ergative - absolutive (29 languages)
  - Tripartite (5 languages)
  - Active-inactive (21 languages)
- Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns (230 languages) (7 values)
  - Neutral (74 languages)
  - Nominative - accusative (standard) (96 languages)
  - Nominative - accusative (marked nominative) (4 languages)
  - Ergative - absolutive (23 languages)
  - Tripartite (5 languages)
  - Active - inactive (22 languages)
  - None (6 languages)
- Alignment of Verbal Person Marking (237 languages) (6 values)
  - Neutral (74 languages)
  - Accusative (107 languages)
  - Ergative (11 languages)
  - Active (26 languages)
  - Hierarchical (9 languages)
  - Split (10 languages)
- Expression of Pronominal Subjects (219 languages) (6 values)
  - Obligatory pronouns in subject position (48 languages)
  - Subject affixes on verb (99 languages)
  - Subject clitics on variable host (8 languages)
  - Subject pronouns in different position (7 languages)
  - Optional pronouns in subject position (42 languages)
  - Mixed (15 languages)
- Verbal Person Marking (252 languages) (5 values)
  - No person marking (91 languages)
  - Only the A argument (61 languages)
  - Only the P argument (5 languages)
  - A or P argument (9 languages)
  - Both the A and P arguments (86 languages)
- Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking (224 languages) (6 values)
  - No person marking (84 languages)
  - No zero realization (92 languages)
  - Zero in some 3sg forms (18 languages)
  - Zero in all 3sg forms (19 languages)
  - Zero in all 3rd person forms (10 languages)
  - Zero only in 3rd nonsingular (1 language)
- Order of Person Markers on the Verb (222 languages) (5 values)
  - A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb (135 languages)
  - A precedes P (39 languages)
  - P precedes A (23 languages)
  - Both orders of A and P occur (13 languages)
  - A and P are fused (12 languages)
- Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' (214 languages) (4 values)
  - Indirect-object construction (142 languages)
  - Double-object construction (23 languages)
  - Secondary-object construction (32 languages)
  - Mixed (17 languages)
- Reciprocal Constructions (189 languages) (4 values)
  - No reciprocals (14 languages)
  - Distinct from reflexive (108 languages)
  - Mixed (19 languages)
  - Identical to reflexive (48 languages)
- Passive Constructions (252 languages) (2 values)
  - Present (153 languages)
  - Absent (99 languages)
- Antipassive Constructions (225 languages) (3 values)
  - Implicit patient (15 languages)
  - Oblique patient (21 languages)
  - No antipassive (189 languages)
- Applicative Constructions (191 languages) (8 values)
  - Benefactive object; both bases (8 languages)
  - Benefactive object; only transitive (6 languages)
  - Benefactive and other; both bases (40 languages)
  - Benefactive and other; only transitive (1 language)
  - Non-benefactive object; both bases (5 languages)
  - Non-benefactive object; only transitive (1 language)
  - Non-benefactive object; only intransitive (2 languages)
  - No applicative construction (128 languages)
- Periphrastic Causative Constructions (118 languages) (3 values)
  - Sequential but no purposive (35 languages)
  - Purposive but no sequential (48 languages)
  - Both (35 languages)
- Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions (181 languages) (4 values)
  - Neither (26 languages)
  - Morphological but no compound (128 languages)
  - Compound but no morphological (11 languages)
  - Both (16 languages)
- Negative Morphemes (239 languages) (6 values)
  - Negative affix (75 languages)
  - Negative particle (106 languages)
  - Negative auxiliary verb (17 languages)
  - Negative word, unclear if verb or particle (16 languages)
  - Variation between negative word and affix (14 languages)
  - Double negation (11 languages)
- Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation (201 languages) (3 values)
  - Symmetric (116 languages)
  - Asymmetric (22 languages)
  - Both (63 languages)
- Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation (167 languages) (7 values)
  - A/Fin (16 languages)
  - A/NonReal (9 languages)
  - A/Cat (35 languages)
  - A/Fin and A/NonReal (4 languages)
  - A/Fin and A/Cat (15 languages)
  - A/NonReal and A/Cat (4 languages)
  - Non-assignable (84 languages)
- Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation (141 languages) (4 values)
  - Predicate negation also present (94 languages)
  - No predicate negation (28 languages)
  - Mixed behaviour (11 languages)
  - Negative existential construction (8 languages)
- Polar Questions (222 languages) (7 values)
  - Question particle (144 languages)
  - Interrogative verb morphology (33 languages)
  - Mixture of previous two types (4 languages)
  - Interrogative word order (9 languages)
  - Absence of declarative morphemes (1 language)
  - Interrogative intonation only (28 languages)
  - No interrogative-declarative distinction (3 languages)
- Predicative Possession (163 languages) (5 values)
  - Locational (39 languages)
  - Genitive (20 languages)
  - Topic (14 languages)
  - Conjunctional (17 languages)
  - 'Have' (73 languages)
- Predicative Adjectives (192 languages) (3 values)
  - Verbal encoding (86 languages)
  - Nonverbal encoding (71 languages)
  - Mixed (35 languages)
- Nominal and Locational Predication (187 languages) (2 values)
  - Different (114 languages)
  - Identical (73 languages)
- Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals (203 languages) (2 values)
  - Impossible (115 languages)
  - Possible (88 languages)
- Comparative Constructions (133 languages) (4 values)
  - Locational (40 languages)
  - Exceed (29 languages)
  - Conjoined (20 languages)
  - Particle (44 languages)
Complex Sentences
- Relativization on Subjects (182 languages) (4 values)
  - Relative pronoun (52 languages)
  - Non-reduction (22 languages)
  - Pronoun-retention (9 languages)
  - Gap (99 languages)
- Relativization on Obliques (162 languages) (5 values)
  - Relative pronoun (52 languages)
  - Non-reduction (16 languages)
  - Pronoun-retention (25 languages)
  - Gap (55 languages)
  - Not possible (14 languages)
- 'Want' Complement Subjects (165 languages) (5 values)
  - Subject is left implicit (83 languages)
  - Subject is expressed overtly (30 languages)
  - Both construction types exist (17 languages)
  - Desiderative verbal affix (26 languages)
  - Desiderative particle (9 languages)
- Purpose Clauses (153 languages) (3 values)
  - Balanced (51 languages)
  - Balanced/deranked (31 languages)
  - Deranked (71 languages)
- 'When' Clauses (161 languages) (3 values)
  - Balanced (84 languages)
  - Balanced/deranked (36 languages)
  - Deranked (41 languages)
- Reason Clauses (157 languages) (3 values)
  - Balanced (93 languages)
  - Balanced/deranked (28 languages)
  - Deranked (36 languages)
- Utterance Complement Clauses (136 languages) (3 values)
  - Balanced (97 languages)
  - Balanced/deranked (26 languages)
  - Deranked (13 languages)
Lexicon
- Hand and Arm (213 languages) (2 values)
  - Identical (34 languages)
  - Different (179 languages)
- Finger and Hand (211 languages) (2 values)
  - Identical (13 languages)
  - Different (198 languages)
- Numeral Bases (249 languages) (6 values)
  - Decimal (160 languages)
  - Hybrid vigesimal-decimal (17 languages)
  - Pure vigesimal (13 languages)
  - Other base (42 languages)
  - Extended body-part system (4 languages)
  - Restricted (13 languages)
- Number of Non-Derived Basic Colour Categories (90 languages) (7 values)
  - 3 (6 languages)
  - 3.5 (0 languages)
  - 4 (10 languages)
  - 4.5 (1 language)
  - 5 (7 languages)
  - 5.5 (1 language)
  - 6 (65 languages)
- Number of Basic Colour Categories (93 languages) (7 values)
  - 3-4 (7 languages)
  - 4.5-5.5 (6 languages)
  - 6-6.5 (10 languages)
  - 7-7.5 (3 languages)
  - 8-8.5 (11 languages)
  - 9-10 (9 languages)
  - 11 (47 languages)
- Green and Blue (149 languages) (7 values)
  - Green vs. blue (119 languages)
  - Green/blue (22 languages)
  - Black/green/blue (1 language)
  - Black/blue vs. green (3 languages)
  - Yellow/green/blue (0 languages)
  - Yellow/green vs. blue (3 languages)
  - None (1 language)
- Red and Yellow (149 languages) (5 values)
  - Red vs. yellow (132 languages)
  - Red/yellow (9 languages)
  - Yellow/green/blue vs. red (1 language)
  - Yellow/green vs. red (4 languages)
  - None (3 languages)
- M-T Pronouns (210 languages) (3 values)
  - No M-T pronouns (152 languages)
  - M-T pronouns, paradigmatic (52 languages)
  - M-T pronouns, non-paradigmatic (6 languages)
- N-M Pronouns (208 languages) (3 values)
  - No N-M pronouns (180 languages)
  - N-M pronouns, paradigmatic (17 languages)
  - N-M pronouns, non-paradigmatic (11 languages)
- Tea (150 languages) (3 values)
  - Words derived from Sinitic cha (44 languages)
  - Words derived from Min Nan Chinese te (37 languages)
  - Others (69 languages)
Sign Languages
- Irregular Negatives in Sign Languages (17 languages) (4 values)
  - None (16 languages)
  - One (0 languages)
  - Some (2-5) (0 languages)
  - Many (more than 5) (1 language)
- Question Particles in Sign Languages (18 languages) (3 values)
  - None (10 languages)
  - One (3 languages)
  - More than one (5 languages)
Other
- Writing Systems (165 languages) (6 values)
  - Alphabetic (116 languages)
  - Consonantal (0 languages)
  - Alphasyllabic (23 languages)
  - Syllabic (11 languages)
  - Logographic (5 languages)
  - Mixed logographic–syllabic (10 languages)
- Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks (127 languages) (3 values)
  - Logical meanings (16 languages)
  - Affective meanings (60 languages)
  - Other or none (51 languages)
Conlang-specific
- Conlang type (199 languages) (5 values)
  - Auxlang (14 languages)
  - Artlang (157 languages)
  - Engelang (9 languages)
  - Fauxlang (3 languages)
  - Other (16 languages)

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CALSβ

Conlang Atlas of Language Structures

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